| Active ingredients | Chemical structure | CAS Registry Number |
| Paracetamol | 103-90-2 | |
| Phenylephrine Hydrochloride | 61-76-7 | |
| Chlorpheniramine Maleate | 113-92-8 |
DAY Caplets
- White capsule-shaped tablets (caplets) with flat edges, one face is embossed with sun graphic within an oval.
NIGHT Caplets
- Green capsule-shaped tablets with flat edges.
Active Ingredients per caplet:
DAY Caplets
- Paracetamol 500 mg, Phenylephrine Hydrochloride 5 mg
NIGHT Caplets
- Paracetamol 500 mg, Phenylephrine Hydrochloride 5 mg, Chlorpheniramine Maleate 2mg
Excipients:
| DAY CAPLET | NIGHT CAPLET |
| Cellulose - microcrystalline | Cellulose - microcrystalline |
| Potassium sorbate | Potassium Sorbate |
| Povidone | Povidone |
| Sodium lauryl sulfate | Sodium Lauryl sulfate |
| Starch - maize | Starch - Maize |
| Starch - pregelatinised maize | Starch - pregelatinised maize |
| Stearic acid | Stearic acid |
| Talc - purified | Talc - purified |
| Brilliant blue FCF | |
| Sunset yellow |
Paracetamol is a para-aminophenol derivative that exhibits analgesic and anti-pyretic activity. It does not possess anti-inflammatory activity. Paracetamol is thought to produce analgesia through a central inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. Phenylephrine acts predominantly by a direct effect on alpha adrenergic receptors. Phenylephrine also has an indirect effect by releasing noradrenaline from its storage sites. Phenylephrine is used as a nasal decongestant to provide symptomatic relief by causing vasoconstriction resulting in redistribution of local blood flow to reduce oedema of the nasal mucosa, thus improving ventilation, drainage and nasal stuffiness. Chlorpheniramine competes with histamine at central and peripheral histamine1-receptor sites, preventing the histamine-receptor interaction and subsequent mediator release. It is a highly lipophilic molecule that readily crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is highly selective for histamine1-receptors but has little effect on histamine2 or histamine3 receptors. Chlorpheniramine also activate 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) and -adrenergic receptors and blocks cholinergic receptors
Paracetamol
Paracetamol is rapidly and almost completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Food intake delays paracetamol absorption. Paracetamol is distributed into most body tissues. Binding to the plasma proteins is minimal at therapeutic concentrations but increases with increasing doses. Paracetamol is metabolised extensively in the liver and excreted in the urine mainly as glucuronide and sulphate conjugates. The metabolites of paracetamol include a minor hydroxylated intermediate which has hepatotoxic activity. This intermediate metabolite is detoxified by conjugation with glutathione. However, it can accumulate following paracetamol overdosage (more than 150 mg/kg or 10 g total paracetamol ingested) and, if left untreated, can cause irreversible liver damage. Paracetamol is excreted in the urine mainly as the glucuronide and sulphate conjugates. Less than 5% is excreted as unmodified paracetamol with 85% of a dose of paracetamol is excreted in the urine as free and conjugated paracetamol within 24 hours of ingestion. Administration of paracetamol to patients with moderate to severe renal impairment may result in accumulation of paracetamol conjugates. The elimination half-life varies from one to three hours.
Phenylephrine Hydrochloride
Phenylephrine is irregularly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Phenylephrine undergoes first-pass metabolism by monoamine oxidases in the gut and liver; orally administered phenylephrine thus has reduced bioavailability. Phenylephrine undergoes extensive metabolism in the intestinal wall (first pass) and in the liver. The principal routes of metabolism involve sulfate conjugation (primarily in the intestinal wall) and oxidative deamination (by monoamine oxidase); glucuronidation also occurs to a lesser extent. Phenylephrine undergoes rapid distribution into peripheral tissues. The volume of distribution of phenylephrine is between 200 and 500L, there appears to be minimal brain penetration, and does not seem to cross the placenta and does not appear to be distributed to any great extent in breast milk. Phenylephrine and its metabolites are excreted mainly in urine. Following oral administration approximately 80% of the dose is excreted in urine within 48 hours principally as metabolites. Approximately 2.5% of an oral dose is excreted in the urine as unchanged drug. The elimination half life averages 2-3 hours following oral administration.
Chlorpheniramine Maleate
Chlorpheniramine is absorbed relatively slowly from the gastrointestinal tract with peak plasma concentrations occurring about 2.5 to 6 hours, after oral administration. More rapid and extensive absorption, faster clearance, and a shorter half-life have been reported in children compared to adults. Chlorpheniramine is widely distributed in the body and enters the CNS. Chlorpheniramine appears to undergo considerable first-pass metabolism. Bioavailability is low, values of 25 to 50% having been reported. About 70% of chlorpheniramine in the circulation is bound to plasma proteins. There is wide inter-individual variation in the pharmacokinetics of chlorpheniramine; half-life values ranging from 2 to 43 hours have been reported. Chlorpheniramine maleate is metabolised extensively. Metabolites include desmethyl- and didesmethylchlorpheniramine. Chlorpheniramine - Unchanged drug and metabolites are excreted primarily in the urine; excretion is dependent on urinary pH and flow rate. Only trace amounts have been found in the faeces.
For the temporary relief of the following symptoms of sinusitis: sinus headache, sinus pain, nasal congestion.
This product is contraindicated in patients:
with a previous history of hypersensitivity to paracetamol, phenylephrine, chlorpheniramine, other antihistamines or any of the excipients.
With severe hypertension or coronary artery disease
who are taking Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs), or who have taken MAOIs within the previous 14 days (see INTERACTIONS)with narrow-angle glaucoma with stenosing peptic ulcer with symptomatic prostatic hypertrophy with bladder neck obstruction with pyloroduodenal obstruction Who are taking other sympathomimetics (such as decongestants, appetite suppressants and amphetamine-like psychostimulants (see INTERACTIONS) This product should not be used with other medicines continining paracetamol, phenylephrine, chlorpheniramine or other nmedicines for the relief of colds, congestion or blocked nose.
Medical advice should be sought before taking this product in patients with these conditions: Hypertension Cardiovascular disease Diabetes Hyperthyroidism Raised intraocular pressure (i.e. glaucoma) Phaeochromocytoma An enlargement of the prostate gland Occlusive vascular disease (e.g. Raynaud's Phenomenon) Epilepsy Bronchitis Bronchiectasis Bronchial asthma Liver and kidney impairment. Caution should be exercised in patients with kidney impairment and in those with hepatic impairment due to the paracetamol and chlorpheniramine content of this medicine. Underlying liver disease increases the risk of paracetamol-related liver damage. Patients who have been diagnosed with liver or kidney impairment must seek medical advice before taking this medication. Concurrent use with drugs which cause sedation, such as anxiolytics and hypnotics may cause an increase in sedative effects, therefore medical advice should be sought before taking chlorpheniramine concurrently with these medicines. (See INTERACTIONS.) Use this product with caution in patients taking beta-blockers or other antihypertensives. (See INTERACTIONS.) This product should be used with caution in patients taking tricyclic antidepressants. (See INTERACTIONS.) The Night caplet contains Sunset Yellow which may cause allergic reactions. If symptoms persist, medical advice must be sought. Keep out of sight and reach of children.
This product should not be used during pregnancy without medical advice.
Category B2
Drugs which have been taken by only a limited number of pregnant women and women of childbearing age, without an increase in the frequency of malformation or other direct or indirect harmful effects on the human foetus having been observed. Studies in animals are inadequate or may be lacking, but available data show no evidence of an increased occurrence of foetal damage.
This product should not be used whilst breast feeding without medical advice. Paracetamol is excreted in breast milk. Maternal ingestion of paracetamol in usual analgesic doses does not appear to present a risk to the breastfed infants. Phenylephrine may be excreted in breast milk. Chlorpheniramine is excreted in breast milk.
Use in children
Do not give to children under 12 years of age. Children may experience paradoxical excitation with chlorpheniramine.
The elderly may experience paradoxical excitation with chlorpheniramine. The elderly are also more likely to have a central nervous system (CNS) depressive side effects including confusion.
Chlorpheniramine which is contained in the 'Night' caplets may cause dizziness, blurred vision and CNS depressive effects including sedation and impaired performance (impaired driving performance, incoordination, reduced motor skills and impaired information processing). Performance may be impaired in the absence of sedation and may persist the morning after a night time dose. Patients should be advised not to drive or operate machinery if affected. Due to Chlorpheniramine content of this product, alcohol should be avoided. (See INTERACTIONS).
The following interactions with paracetamol have been noted:
| Coumarins (including warfarin) | Anticoagulant effect may be enhanced by prolonged regular daily use of paracetamol with increased risk of bleeding. Occasional doses have no significant effect. Anticoagulant dosage may require reduction if treatment with paracetamol containing medication is prolonged. |
| Substances that increase gastric emptying (eg metoclopramide) | These substances increase paracetamol absorption. |
| Substances that decrease gastric emptying (eg propantheline, antidepressants with anticholinergic properties, narcotic analgesics) | These substances decrease paracetamol absorption. |
| Chloramphenicol | Concentrations may be increased by paracetamol |
| Potentially hepatotoxic drugs or drugs that induce liver microsomal enzymes (eg alcohol, anticonvulsants) | Risk of paracetamol toxicity may be increased. |
| Probenecid | May affect paracetamol excretion and alter paracetamol plasma concentrations. |
| Colestyramine | Reduces the absorption of paracetamol if given within one hour of paracetamol. |
Phenylephrine should be used with caution in combination with the following drugs as interactions have been reported.
| Monoamine oxidase inhibitors | Hypertensive interactions occur between sympathomimetic amines such as phenylephrine and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (See CONTRAINDICATIONS.) |
| Sympathomimetic amines | Concomitant use of phenylephrine with other sympathomimetic amines can increase the risk of cardiovascular side effects (See PRECAUTIONS.) |
| Beta-blockers and other antihypertensives (including debrisoquine, guanethidine, | Phenylephrine may reduce the efficacy of beta-blocking drugs and antihypertensive drugs. The risk of hypertension and other cardiovascular side effects may be |
| reserpine, methyldopa) | increased. (See PRECAUTIONS.) |
| Tricyclic antidepressants (eg amitriptyline) | May increase the risk of cardiovascular side effects with phenylephrine (See PRECAUTIONS.) |
| Digoxin and cardiac glycosides | Increase the risk of irregular heartbeat or heart attack. |
The following interactions with chlorpheniramine have been noted:
| Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) | These substances may prolong and intensify the anticholinergic and CNS depressive effects of chlorpheniramine. (See CONTRAINDICATIONS and PRECAUTIONS). |
| Central nervous system (CNS) depressants | Central nervous system (CNS) depressants (alcohol, sedatives, opioid analgesics, hypnotics) - may cause an increase in sedation effects. |
| Phenytoin | Chlorpheniramine when taken concomitantly with phenytoin may cause a cedrease in phenytoin elimination.. |
Adverse events from historical clinical trial data are both infrequent and from small patient exposure. Accordingly, events reported from extensive post-marketing experience at therapeutic/labelled doses and considered attributable are tabulated below by System Organ Class and frequency. The following convention has been utilised for the classification of undesirable effects: very common (>=1/10), common (>=1/100, <1/10), uncommon (>=1/1,000, <1/100), rare (>=1/10,000, <1/1,000), very rare (<1/10,000), not known (cannot be estimated from available data). Adverse event frequencies have been estimated from spontaneous reports received through post-marketing data.
Paracetamol
The frequency of these reactions is unknown but considered likely to be very rare.
| Body System | Undesirable Effect |
| Blood and lymphatic system disorders | Thrombocytopenia |
| Immune system disorders | Anaphylaxis Cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions including |
| skin rashes, angioedema and Stevens Johnson syndrome | |
| Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | Bronchospasm |
| Hepatobiliary disorders | Hepatic dysfunction |
Phenylephrine
The following adverse events have been observed in clinical trials with phenylephrine and may therefore represent the most commonly occurring adverse events.
| Body System | Undesirable Effect |
| Psychiatric disorders | Nervousness |
| Nervous system disorders | Headache, dizziness, insomnia |
| Cardiac disorders | Increased blood pressure |
| Gastrointestinal disorders | Nausea, vomiting |
| Central nervous stimulation | Anxiety |
Adverse reactions identified during post-marketing use are listed below.
| Body System | Undesirable Effect | Frequency |
| Eye disorders | Mydriasis, acute angle closure glaucoma, most likely to occur in those with closed angle glaucoma (See PRECAUTIONS.) | Rare |
| Cardiac disorders | Tachycardia, palpitations | Rare |
| Skin and subcutaneous disorders | Allergic reactions (e.g. rash, urticaria, allergic dermatitis) | Rare |
| Renal and urinary disorders | Dysuria, urinary retention. This is most likely to occur in those with bladder outlet obstruction such as prostatic hypertrophy. | Rare |
Chlorpheniramine
Adverse events that have been observed in historical clinical studies and that are considered to be common or very common are listed below.
| Body System | Undesirable Effect | Frequency |
| Nervous system disorders | Sedation, somnolence Disturbance in attention, abnormal coordination, dizziness, headache | Very common Common |
| Eye disorders | Blurred vision | Common |
| Gastrointestinal disorders | Nausea, dry mouth | Common |
| General disorders and administration site conditions | Fatigue | Common |
| CNS stimulatory effects | Anxiety, hallucinations, appetite stimulation, muscle dyskinesias and activation of epileptogenic foci. | Common |
| Anticholinergic effects | Dryness of the eyes and nose, blurred vision, urinary hesitancy and retention, constipation and tachycardia | Common |
The frequency of other adverse events identified during post-marketing use is unknown.
| Body System | Undesirable Effect | Frequency |
| Immune system disorders | Allergic reactions, angioedema, anaphylactic reactions | Unknown |
| Metabolism and nutritional disorders | Anorexia | Unknown |
| Psychiatric disorders | Confusion *, excitation *, irritability *, nightmares * | Unknown |
| Vascular disorders | Hypotension | Unknown |
| Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | Thickening of bronchial secretions | Unknown |
| Gastrointestinal disorders | Vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, dyspepsia | Unknown |
| Skin and subcutaneous disorders | Exfoliative dermatitis, rash, urticaria, photosensitivity | Unknown |
| Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorder | Muscle twitching, muscle weakness | Unknown |
| General disorders and administration site conditions | Chest tightness | Unknown |
*Children and the elderly are more susceptible to neurological anticholinergic effects and paradoxical excitation (e.g. increased energy, restlessness, nervousness).
Adults and children aged 12 years and over:
DAY Caplets (white)
: 2 caplets in the morning and in the afternoon taken every 4-6 hours as necessary. Maximum 4 DAY caplets in 24 hours.
The DAY caplets may cause sleeplessness if taken several hours before going to bed.
NIGHT Caplets (green)
: 2 caplets at bedtime with water. Maximum 2 NIGHT caplets in 24 hours.
The NIGHT caplets may cause drowsiness. Do not use the DAY caplets within 6 hours of the NIGHT caplets. Do not use for more than a few days at a time in adults except on medical advice. Should not be used for more than 48 hours for children aged 12 - 17 except on medical advice. Do not give to children under 12 years of age. Do not exceed the stated dose. Should not be used with other medicines containing paracetamol, phenylephrine, chlorpheniramine, decongestants or antihistamines, including cough and cold medicines.
Renal and Hepatic impairment
Patients who have been diagnosed with liver or kidney impairment must seek medical advice before taking this medication. The restrictions related to the use of such combinations in these patients is primarily a consequence of the paracetamol and chlorpheniramine content of the product. (See PRECAUTIONS.)
Immediate medical management is required in the event of an overdose even if the symptoms of overdose are not present. If an overdose i taken or suspected, contact the Poions Information Centre immediately for advice (13 11 26) or the patient should go to the nearest hospital straight away. This should be done even if they feel well because of the risk of delayed, serious liver damage.
Blister pack of 16 DAY and 8 NIGHT caplets Store below 30oC
GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare 82 Hughes Avenue, Ermington, NSW 2115
S2 Pharmacy Medicine
AUST R 167036 24 November 2009
April 2013 PANADOL(r) is a registered trade mark of the GlaxoSmithKline group of companies.