(Alprostadil for Injection) 5 :g, 10 :g, 20 :g and 40 :g Vials
Pfizer Canada Inc Date of Preparation: 17,300 Trans-Canada Highway September 11, 2003 Kirkland, Quebec H9J 2M5 Control No. 086541 * TM Pharmacia Enterprises S.A. Pfizer Canada Inc, Licensee
(c)
Pfizer Canada Inc 2003
(Alprostadil for Injection)
Alprostadil is a prostaglandin with various pharmacological actions that include vasodilation and inhibition of platelet aggregation, inhibition of gastric secretion, stimulation of intestinal smooth muscle and stimulation of uterine smooth muscle. Alprostadil, when given to impotent men by intracavernous injection, induces erections within 5 to 20 minutes after administration. The duration of erection is dose-dependent. The mechanism of penile erection involves a complex series of neurovascular events. Alprostadil injected intracavernosally causes tumescence by increasing cavernous blood flow through relaxation of trabecular smooth muscle and dilation of cavernosal arteries. With regards to the action of alprostadil on penile structures, in most animal species tested, alprostadil had relaxant effects on retractor penis and corpus cavernosum urethrae in vitro. Alprostadil also relaxed isolated preparations of human corpus cavernosum and spongiosum as well as cavernous arterial segments previously contracted by either noradrenaline or PGF2a. In pigtail monkeys (Macaca nemestrina), alprostadil increased cavernous arterial blood flow in vivo. The degree and duration of cavernous smooth muscle relaxation in this animal model was dose-dependent. Other actions of PGE1 involve the cardiovascular system, central nervous system (CNS), autonomic nervous system, respiratory system, gastrointestinal system and hematopoietic system.
Absorption
The absolute bioavailability of alprostadil following intracavernosal injection has not been determined.
Distribution
Following a 20 ug intracavernosal injection of alprostadil, mean peripheral plasma concentrations of alprostadil were 89 pg/mL and 102 pg/mL at 30 and 60 minutes post injection respectively, which were not significantly greater than baseline levels of endogenous alprostadil at 96 pg/mL. Alprostadil is bound primarily to plasma albumin (81%) and to a lesser degree to a-globulin IV-4 fraction (55%). No significant binding could be demonstrated with erythrocytes or white cells.
Metabolism
Alprostadil is rapidly converted to compounds which are further metabolized prior to excretion. In man, a single pass through the lung effectively metabolizes approximately 80% of the available PGE1 primarily by beta- and omega-oxidation. Therefore, any alprostadil which may enter the systemic circulation following intracavernosal injection is rapidly metabolized. However, pulmonary clearance of PGE1 can be affected by disease states such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), with a resultant reduction in the pulmonary extraction ratio. After intracavernosal administration of 20 ug of alprostadil, peripheral levels of the primary metabolite 15-oxo-13,14-dihydro-PGE1 increased, reaching a peak at 30 minutes and falling to pre-dose levels by 60 minutes post injection.
Excretion
The major route of elimination of the metabolites of alprostadil is through the kidney. Urinary excretion of an intravenous dose is essentially complete (90%) within 24 hours of administration. The remainder of the dose is excreted in the feces. There is no evidence to suggest any tissue retention of PGE1 or its metabolites after an intravenous administration.
Geriatric
The potential effect of age on the pharmacokinetics of alprostadil has not been formally evaluated. In patients with ARDS, the mean ("SD) pulmonary extraction of alprostadil was 72 " 15% in 11 elderly patients aged 65 years or older (mean 71 " 6 years) and 65% " 20% in 6 young patients aged 35 years or younger (mean 28 " 5 years).
Pediatric
Plasma alprostadil concentrations were evaluated in 10 neonates (gestational age 34 weeks in 2 infants and 38 to 40 weeks in 8 infants) receiving steady-state intravenous infusions of alprostadil to treat underlying cardiac malformations. Alprostadil infusion rates ranged from 5 to 50 ng/kg/min (median 45 ng/kg/min), with resultant plasma concentrations in the range of 22 to 530 pg/mL (median 56 pg/mL). The individual clearance of alprostadil in neonates is highly variable as reflected by the wide range of plasma concentrations observed.
Gender
The influence of gender on the pharmacokinetics of alprostadil has not been formally studied. Two studies evaluated pulmonary extraction in 23 patients with ARDS following intravenous administration of alprostadil. The 17 males had a pulmonary extraction of 66% compared to 69% in the 6 female patients, suggesting no gender influence.
Race
The influence of race on the pharmacokinetics of alprostadil has not been formally studied.
Renal and Hepatic Insufficiency
The effects of renal and hepatic insufficiency on the pharmacokinetics of alprostadil have not been formally studied. Since systemic clearance of alprostadil is primarily by first-pass metabolism through the lungs, it is not expected that altered renal or hepatic function will have a major influence on the pharmacokinetics of alprostadil.
Pulmonary Disease
In one study, pulmonary extraction of alprostadil given intravenously was found to be reduced by 15% in patients with ARDS (66%) compared to patients with normal respiratory function (78%). In a second study of 14 patients with ARDS or at risk of developing ARDS, the mean extraction efficiency of alprostadil was 67% ranging from subnormal (11%) to normal (90%).
CAVERJECT (alprostadil) is indicated for the intracavernosal treatment of erectile dysfunction due to neurogenic, vasculogenic, psychogenic, or mixed etiology. Intracavernosal CAVERJECT may also be useful as an adjunct to diagnostic tests in the diagnosis of erectile dysfunction.
CAVERJECT (alprostadil) is contraindicated in the following individuals:
Patients with a known hypersensitivity to the drug.
Patients who have any condition that may predispose them to priapism such as sickle cell anemia or trait, multiple myeloma or leukemia.
Patients with anatomical deformations of the penis, such as angulation, cavernosal fibrosis, Peyronie's disease.
Patients with penile implants.
CAVERJECT should not be used in women or children and is not for use in newborns. CAVERJECT should not be used in men for whom sexual activity is inadvisable or contraindicated.
Prolonged erection (4 to 6 hours) and/or priapism (>6 hours) are known to occur following intracavernosal administration of vasoactive substances, including CAVERJECT (alprostadil). In clinical studies, prolonged erection occurred in 4% of patients and 0.4% experienced priapism. The patient should be instructed to immediately report to his physician, or if unavailable, to seek immediate medical assistance for an erection persisting more than 3 hours. Treatment of prolonged erection/priapism should be according to established medical practice (see Symptoms and Treatment of Overdosage). If priapism is not treated immediately, penile tissue damage and permanent loss of potency may result. In the majority of cases, spontaneous detumescence occurred. To minimize the chances of prolonged erection or priapism, CAVERJECT should be titrated slowly to the lowest effective dose (see Dosage and Administration).
Underlying treatable medical causes of erectile dysfunction must be diagnosed and treated prior to initiating therapy with CAVERJECT (alprostadil).
The results of clinical studies with CAVERJECT indicate an overall incidence of penile fibrosis, including Peyronie's disease, of 3% (55/1861). In one long-term (up to 18 months duration) self- injection study, the incidence of fibrosis reported was 7.8% (53/683). Regular follow-up of patients, with careful examination of the penis, is strongly recommended to detect signs of penile fibrosis. Treatment with CAVERJECT should be discontinued in patients who develop penile angulation, cavernosal fibrosis or Peyronie's disease.
Patients on anticoagulants such as warfarin or heparin may have an increased propensity for bleeding after intracavernosal injection.
An injection of CAVERJECT can induce a small amount of bleeding at the injection site (see Adverse Reactions- hematoma, ecchymosis, hemorrhage). In patients infected with blood-borne diseases, this may increase the transmission of blood-borne diseases between partners.
The safety and efficacy of combinations of CAVERJECT and other vasoactive agents have not been systematically studied. Therefore, the use of such combinations is not recommended.
The potential for pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions between alprostadil and other agents has not been formally studied.
Patients using a self-injection program of therapy should receive proper instruction in both intracavernosal injection and aseptic technique (see Information for the Consumer). Physicians should ensure that patients are able to demonstrate competence and skill with the injection procedure prior to initiating self-injection.
The initial treatment dose is established in the physicians office. The lowest effective dose sufficient to induce an erection lasting up to 1 hour should be used. The patient may expect an erection to occur within 5 to 20 minutes. Patients who require dosage adjustments and are self- injecting CAVERJECT, should not increase or decrease their dose without the advice of their physician. Generally, patients should not use CAVERJECT more than once a day and not more than 3 times a week, with at least 24 hours between each use.
CAVERJECT is labelled for "single use only", patients should discard any unused solution after withdrawing the proper volume for their dose. The vial should not be shaken once reconstituted.
Reconstituted vials of CAVERJECT which on visual inspection appear cloudy, coloured or contain particulate matter, should be discarded.
Patients who experience an erection lasting longer than 2 hours should attempt to detumesce using methods prescribed by their physician.
Patients should be advised on the possible adverse effects associated with the use of CAVERJECT; the most frequent being mild to moderate penile pain after injection. A patient should report to his physician if he complains of: any penile pain not previously present, an increased intensity of pain, nodules or hard tissue appearing in the penis, or curvature of the erect penis. There is the potential for infection with any type of injection, therefore patients should also report any occurrences of penile redness, swelling, or tenderness. The importance of regular physician visits to assess the continued safety and efficacy of CAVERJECT treatment should be stressed to the patient.
A potentially serious adverse reaction with intracavernosal therapy is priapism. Accordingly, the patient should be instructed to contact the physician's office immediately or, if unavailable, to seek immediate medical assistance if an erection persists for longer than 3 hours. In clinical trials, the use of concomitant medicines such as antihypertensives, diuretics, antidiabetic agents (including insulin) or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, did not affect the safety or efficacy of CAVERJECT. The use of CAVERJECT intracavernosally does not offer any protection from the spread of sexually transmitted diseases. Individuals using CAVERJECT should be properly counselled with regards to protective measures to safeguard against the spread of sexually transmitted diseases, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Patients should be instructed not to reuse or share needles or syringes. The patient should not allow anyone else to use this medicine. Patients should dispose of used needles, syringes, and vials, safely and properly. (see Information for the Consumer) A patient administration guide, found in every package of CAVERJECT, provides a step-by-step method for the proper preparation and administration of CAVERJECT. Patients should be instructed to carefully follow this guide for self-injection.
Long-term carcinogenicity studies have not been conducted. Reproductive studies in the rat with alprostadil at doses of up to 0.2 mg/kg/day did not adversely affect or alter spermatogenisis, conferring a 200-fold margin of safety at usual human doses. A battery of mutagenicity assays including, bacterial mutation (Ames), alkaline elution, rat micronucleus, sister chromatid exchange, CHO/HGPRT mammalian cell forward gene mutation and unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS), revealed no potential for mutagenesis. (see Toxicology) A 1 year irritancy study was conducted in male Cynomolgus monkeys. Three groups of 5 animals received twice weekly intracavernosal injections of either 3 or 8.25 ug alprostadil or vehicle. A further 2 groups of 6 animals were given 8.25 ug alprostadil or vehicle twice weekly, as above, and in addition, multiple doses during weeks 44, 48 and 52. Three monkeys receiving vehicle and 3 monkeys receiving ug alprostadil were held for evaluation following a 4 week recovery period. No evidence of alprostadil-related penile or systemic tissue lesions were found. Local irritation noted in control and treated monkeys was considered to be related to the injection procedure itself and any penile lesions found were reversible. After the 4 week recovery period, a regression in histological changes in the penis was observed. (see Local Tolerance)
The following local adverse events were reported from controlled and uncontrolled clinical trials, including an uncontrolled 18 month safety study.
| Local Event (reported in $ 1% of patients) | No. (%) of Pts (N=1861) | |
| Penile Pain | 696 | (37) |
| Pain after injection | 580 | (31) |
| Pain at the injection site | 370 | (20) |
| Prolonged erection (4-6 hr) | 82 | (4) |
| Penile fibrosis a | 55 | (3) |
| Injection site hematoma | 63 | (3) |
| Penis disorder b | 46 | (3) |
| Injection site ecchymosis | 32 | (2) |
| Penile rash | 21 | (1) |
| Penile edema | 18 | (1) |
| a Includes generalized or deep fibrosis, penile curvature/deviation, and Peyronie's disease. b Includes numbness, yeast infection, irritation, sensitivity, phimosis, pruritus, erythema, venous leak, penile skin tear, strange feeling in penis, burning sensation in penis and itch at tip of penis. | ||
Penile Pain
Penile pain after intracavernosal administration of CAVERJECT (alprostadil) was reported at least once by 37% of patients in clinical studies of up to 18 months in duration. The intensity of pain was rated mild or moderate in the majority of cases. Three percent of patients discontinued treatment because of penile pain. The frequency of penile pain was 2% in 294 patients who received 1 to 3 injections of placebo.
Prolonged Erection/Priapism
In clinical trials, prolonged erection was defined as an erection that lasted for 4 to 6 hours; priapism was defined as an erection that lasted 6 hours or longer (see Warnings).
Hematoma/Ecchymosis
The frequency of hematoma and ecchymosis was 3% and 2% respectively. In most cases, hematoma/ecchymosis was judged to be a complication of a faulty injection technique. Accordingly, proper instruction of the patient in self-injection is of importance to minimize the potential of hematoma/ecchymosis (see Dosage and Administration). Local events observed in <1% of the patients include: balanitis, lack of efficacy, injection site hemorrhage, injection site inflammation, injection site itching, injection site reaction, injection site swelling, injection site edema, trauma, urethral bleeding, urethral disorder, penile hematoma, penile warmth, priapism (>6 hr), numbness, yeast infection, irritation, sensitivity, phimosis, pruritus, erythema, venous leak, painful erection and abnormal ejaculation.
Systemic Adverse Events
The following systemic adverse event information was derived from controlled and uncontrolled studies, including an uncontrolled 18 month safety study.
| Systemic Event a by Body System b (reported in $ 1% of patients) c | No. (%) of Pts (N=1861) | |
| BODY AS A WHOLE | 245 | (13) |
| Upper respiratory infection | 76 | (4) |
| Flu syndrome | 42 | (2) |
| Headache | 37 | (2) |
| Trauma d | 33 | (2) |
| Localized pain e | 32 | (2) |
| Back pain | 22 | (1) |
| Localized abdominal pain | 10 | (<1) |
| RESPIRATORY | 123 | (7) |
| Sinusitis | 43 | (2) |
| Nasal congestion | 25 | (1) |
| Cough | 21 | (1) |
| Bronchitis | 18 | (1) |
| Pharyngitis | 16 | (<1) |
| UROGENITAL | 121 | (7) |
| Prostatic disorder f | 28 | (2) |
| Urinary tract infection | 16 | (<1) |
| Testicular pain | 16 | (<1) |
| Hematuria | 10 | (<1) |
| CARDIOVASCULAR | 80 | (4) |
| Hypertension | 39 | (2) |
| CENTRAL NERVOUS | 66 | (4) |
| Dizziness | 22 | (1) |
| DIGESTIVE | 86 | (5) |
| Nausea | 14 | (<1) |
| Tooth abscess | 12 | (<1) |
| Diarrhea | 11 | (<1) |
| Dyspepsia | 11 | (<1) |
| SKIN AND APPENDAGES | 49 | (3) |
| Rash | 11 | (<1) |
| a number (%) patients reporting the event, with patients reporting the same event more than once counted only once. b number (%) patients reporting a drug-related event within body system, with patients reporting more than one event within the body system counted only once. c no significant adverse events were reported by 294 patients who received 1 to 3 injections of placebo. d includes injuries, fractures, abrasions, lacerations, dislocations. e includes pain in various anatomical structures other than injection site. f includes prostatitis, pain, hypertrophy, enlargement. | ||
Systemic events reported in 1% of patients and judged by investigators to be possibly related to the use of CAVERJECT include: testicular pain, scrotal disorder, scrotal edema, hematuria, testicular disorder, impaired urination, urinary frequency, pelvic pain, hypotension, vasodilation, peripheral vascular disorder, supraventricular extrasystole, vasovagal reactions, hypesthesia, non-generalized weakness, diaphoresis, rash, non-application site pruritus, skin neoplasm, nausea, dry mouth, increased serum creatinine, leg cramps and mydriasis. Hemodynamic changes, manifested as decreases in blood pressure and increases in pulse rate, were observed during clinical studies, principally at doses above 20 ug and above 30 ug of alprostadil respectively, and appeared to be dose-dependent. However, these changes were clinically unimportant; only three patients discontinued the treatment because of symptomatic hypotension. CAVERJECT had no clinically important effect on serum or urine laboratory tests.
The pharmacotoxic signs of alprostadil are similar in all animal species and include depression, soft stool or diarrhea and rapid breathing. In mice, the lowest acute LD50 was 12 mg/kg which is 12,000 times greater than the maximum recommended human dose of 60 :g. In man, prolonged erection and/or priapism are known to occur following intracavernosal administration of vasoactive substances. Given the dose-response relationship of alprostadil with erection duration, the therapeutic dose range should be determined individually for each patient by his physician during the initial office instruction. Inadvertent or intentional overdosing is the most common cause of prolonged pharmacological erection. In clinical trials with CAVERJECT (alprostadil), overdosage was not observed. If intracavernous overdose of CAVERJECT occurs, the patient should be under medical supervision until any systemic effects have resolved and/or until penile detumescence has occurred. Symptomatic treatment of any systemic symptoms would be appropriate. Patients should be instructed to report any erections persisting for more than 3 hours to a physician. The treatment of priapism/prolonged erection should be according to established medical practice. Physicians may refer to two suggested protocols for detumescence presented below.
Detumescence Protocols
Aspirate 40 to 60 mL from either right or left corpora using vacutainer and holder as for drawing blood. Use landmarks as for intracavernosal injection. Patient will often detumesce while aspirating. Apply ice for 20 minutes post aspiration if erection remains.
If 1) unsuccessful then, Have patient in supine position. Dilute 10 mg phenylephrine into 20 mL water for injection (0.05%). With an insulin syringe, inject 0.1 to 0.2 mL (50-100 :g) into the corpora every 2 to 5 minutes, until detumescence occurs. The occasional patient may experience very transient bradycardia and hypertension when given phenylephrine injections, therefore monitor patient's blood pressure and pulse every 10 minutes. Patients at risk include those with cardiac arrhythmias and diabetics. Refer to the prescribing information for phenylephrine before use. DO NOT give to patients on MAO inhibitors. When phenylephrine is used within the first 12 hours of erection, the majority of patients will respond. If the above measures fail to detumesce the patient, a urologist should be consulted as soon as possible, especially if the erection has been present for many hours. If priapism is not treated immediately, penile tissue damage and/or permanent loss of potency may result.
CAVERJECT (alprostadil) is administered by direct intracavernosal injection. A 1/2-inch 27- to 30-gauge needle is generally recommended. CAVERJECT is injected into either of two corpora cavernosum along the dorso-lateral aspects of the proximal third of the penis. Avoid any area where there are visible veins. The injection site should be changed for each injection (i.e. alternate sides of penis). Within either area, the point of injection should also be changed each time and the injection site must be cleansed with an alcohol swab.
Appropriate initial doses and maintenance doses are recommended based on the etiology of the erectile dysfunction. In all cases, the dose should be titrated on an individual basis by the physician, and the lowest effective dose always employed as the therapeutic dose. An effective dose is defined as one which produces an erection sufficient for intercourse with an erection duration not exceeding 1 hour. The following guidelines for dose titration are recommended.
Initial Titration in Physician's Office
Erectile Dysfunction of Vasculogenic, Psychogenic or Mixed Etiology. Dosage titration should be initiated at 2.5 ug of alprostadil. If there is a partial response, the dose may be increased by 2.5 ug to a dose of 5 ug and then in increments of 5 to 10 ug, depending upon erectile response, until the effective dose is reached (see Therapeutic/Effective Dose). If there is no response to the initial 2.5 ug dose, the second dose may be increased to 7.5 ug, followed by increments of 5 to 10 ug. The patient must remain in the physician's office until complete detumescence is achieved. If there is no response, then the next higher dose may be given within 1 hour. If there is a response, then there should be at least a 24 hour interval before the next dose is given.
Erectile Dysfunction of Pure Neurogenic Etiology
. Dosage titration should be initiated at 1.25 ug of alprostadil. The dose may be increased by 1.25 ug to a dose of 2.5 ug, followed by an increment of 2.5
ug to a dose of 5 ug and then in 5 ug increments until the effective dose is reached (see Therapeutic/Effective Dose). The patient must remain in the physician's office until complete detumescence is achieved. If there is no response, then the next higher dose may be given within 1 hour. If there is a response, then there should be at least a 24 hour interval before the next dose is given. In one clinical study involving 579 patients, the majority of patients (56%) were titrated to doses of >5 ug but $20 ug. The mean dose at the end of the titration phase was 17.8 ug of alprostadil.
Maintenance Therapy
The initial injection of CAVERJECT must be delivered by a medically trained health care professional. Before beginning a self-injection program of therapy, the physician must ensure that the patient (or his partner) aptly demonstrates skill and competence with the injection procedure, and uses appropriate sterile technique. A patient package insert is available to patients for referral (see Information for the Consumer). The dose selected for self-injection therapy is established during dose titration in the physicians office. The correct dose is the lowest effective dose. The dose should be reduced if the erection persists for longer than 1 hour, however, the physician should take into consideration the patients preferences when defining the dose for self-injection. An erection lasting >3 hours is to be treated as a medical emergency. A physician should be consulted for any dose adjustments, if required. The dose should be adjusted in accordance with the titration guidelines described above. Regular follow-up visits, at least every 3 months, are recommended in order to assess the safety and efficacy of the therapy.
Maximum Recommended Dose Limits
Daily dose should not exceed 60 :g. NOT more than once daily and NOT more than 3 times weekly, with at least 24 hours between each dose. Do not inject CAVERJECT into an erect penis. There is no evidence that tolerance to the effects of CAVERJECT develops with continued use. The long-term use of CAVERJECT has been documented for up to 6 months in an uncontrolled self-injection study. The mean dose after 6 months was 20.7 :g. A vial of CAVERJECT delivers one dose only. Instructions for proper disposal of the syringe, needle and vial should be followed (see Information for the Consumer).
Pharmacologic Testing
An initial dose of 2.5 :g is employed with subsequent upward titration in 2.5 :g increments. Patients are monitored for the occurrence of an erection following an intracavernosal injection of CAVERJECT.
Adjunct to Laboratory Investigations
A single dose of CAVERJECT sufficient to induce a rigid erection is used. For use with Doppler imaging/Duplex Ultrasonography, 133Xenon washout tests, Radionuclide Phallography and Penile Arteriography for the visualization and assessment of the penile vasculature.
Proper Name
: alprostadil (INN; USAN; BAN; JAN)
Chemical Name: (11a, 13E, 15S)-11,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oic acid. Empirical Formula: C20H34O5.
Structural Formula:
Molecular Weight: 354.49 Description: an odourless, white to off-white crystalline powder. melting point of 115E to 116EC. acid dissociation constant (Ka) is 1.1 x 10-5 solubility is 80 :g/mL in water at 35EC. pH of 5.15 with 52 :g/mL alprostadil in deaerated water at 23EC. partition coefficient of 0.7 in soyabean oil/water.
CAVERJECT STERILE POWDER
| STERILE POWDER Ingredients | 5 ug Vial | 10 ug Vial | 20 ug Vial | 40 ug Vial | ||||
| Dry Powder (per vial) | Reconsti- tuted (per mL) | Dry Powder (per vial) | Reconsti- tuted (per mL) | Dry Powder (per vial) | Reconsti- tuted (per mL) | Dry Powder (per vial) | Reconsti- tuted (per mL) | |
| Alprostadil | 6.15 ug | 5 ug | 11.9 ug | 10 ug | 23.2 ug | 20 ug | 46.4 ug | 40 ug |
| Lactose Monohydrate | 193.8 mg | 172 mg | 193.8 mg | 172 mg | 193.8 mg | 172 mg | 193.8 mg | 172 mg |
| Sodium Citrate Dihydrate | 53 ug | 47 ug | 53 ug | 47 ug | 53 ug | 47 ug | 53 ug | 47 ug |
| 10% Hydro- chloric Acid | pH adj. + | - | pH adj. | - | pH adj. | - | pH adj. | - |
| 10% Sodium Hydroxide | pH adj. | - | pH adj. | - | pH adj. | - | pH adj. | - |
| + The pH adjusted to within 3.5 to 6.0 for the reconstituted solution. | ||||||||
| DILUENT Ingredients | Syringe Amount | After Vial |
| (per mL) | Reconstitution (per mL) | |
| Benzyl Alcohol | 9.45 mg | 8.4 mg |
| Sterile Water for Injection | qs ad | - |
CAVERJECT STERILE POWDER The unreconstituted lyophilized sterile powder (5 ug, 10 ug and 20 ug vials) should be stored between 2EC to 30EC. The 40 ug vial should be stored at 2EC to 8EC until dispensed. After dispensing, the 40 ug vial may be stored up to 3 months at or below 25EC.
CAVERJECT STERILE POWDER (alprostadil for injection) is reconstituted with the addition of 1 mL bacteriostatic water for injection (BWFI). Vial content after reconstitution is approximately 1.13 mL which allows 1.0 mL to be delivered to the patient. An excess of alprostadil is added to compensate for loss due to adsorption to the vial and syringe. The resultant solution contains 5, 10, 20 or 40 ug/mL of alprostadil, 172 mg/mL lactose, 47 ug/mL sodium citrate, and 8.4 mg/mL benzyl alcohol. Once reconstituted, no additional substances should be injected into the vial. Once reconstituted, the alprostadil solution must be used immediately. Do not freeze the reconstituted solution. A solution which appears cloudy, coloured or contains particles should be discarded.
| Vial Amount | Volume of Diluent Added | Nominal Concentration |
| 6.15 ug | 1 mL BWFI | 5 ug/mL |
| 11.9 ug | 10 ug/mL | |
| 23.2 ug | 20 ug/mL | |
| 46.4 ug | 40 ug/mL |
CAVERJECT STERILE POWDER is available in cartons of 5 units containing: single dose vials of 5, 20 or 40 ug CAVERJECT Sterile Powder. It is also available in cartons of 5 units containing: cases of 5, 10, 20 or 40 ug CAVERJECT Sterile Powder.
Each case contains
: a single dose vial of 5, 10, 20 or 40 ug CAVERJECT STERILE POWDER, 1 mL pre-filled syringe of BWFI diluent, a 27-gauge, 0.5-inch needle, 2 alcohol swabs and Patient Administration Leaflet. These cases are fitted with a lock designed for safe and convenient disposal of the contents after use.
Causes and Treatments of Impotence
There are several causes of impotence, a condition known medically as erectile dysfunction. These include: medications that you may be taking for other conditions, impaired blood circulation in the penis, nerve damage, emotional problems, excessive smoking or alcohol use, use of street drugs and hormonal imbalances. Often, impotence is due to more than one cause. Treatments for impotence include: switching medications (if you are taking a medication that causes impotence), administration of hormones, penile injections, use of medical devices that produce an erection, surgical procedures to correct blood flow in the penis, penile implants, and psychological counselling. Your doctor has selected CAVERJECT (alprostadil) for injection to treat your impotence. Your doctor can also discuss other available treatments. You should not stop taking any prescription medications, unless told to do so by your doctor.
About CAVERJECT
CAVERJECT (ka-ver-jekt) is used to treat men who can not achieve and/or maintain an erection. CAVERJECT STERILE POWDER which contains alprostadil (al-pros-ta-dil) is available by prescription only and should be used only as directed by your doctor. Your doctor may also use CAVERJECT to help establish the cause of your impotency (or erectile dysfunction). In response to visual or physical sexual stimulation, the nerves, arteries and veins in your penis act together to create an erection. The nerves cause the smooth muscle of the penis to relax and the blood vessels to expand. The blood becomes trapped in the penis and this allows your penis to become hard and erect. When CAVERJECT is injected into the blood-filled spaces on the penis (corpora cavernosa ; kor-po-rah ka-ver-no-sa) it relaxes the smooth muscle of the penis. This allows more blood to flow into the penis and gives you an erection.
When to Use CAVERJECT
You can use CAVERJECT anytime before sexual intercourse. CAVERJECT is injected into a specific area of the penis and should produce an erection in 5 to 20 minutes. Using the dose recommended by your doctor, you should have an erection lasting up to 1 hour. You may use CAVERJECT for as long as your doctor decides is necessary. Do not use CAVERJECT more than once a day, and not more than 3 times a week, with at least 24 hours between each use.
The Best Dose for YOU
Impotence can have a variety of causes that will be assessed by your doctor. The right dose of CAVERJECT will depend on the nature of your impotence. Also, some people are more sensitive to the effects of CAVERJECT than others. Your doctor must therefore find the best dose for you. To do this, your doctor will give you an initial injection, then slowly increase the dose for the next injections until the lowest dose for an effective erection is found. The maximum daily dose should not be greater than 60 ug.
Home Use of CAVERJECT
After your doctor has assessed the correct dose, you will receive your first few injections in the doctor's office so you (or your partner) can receive training on how to inject yourself safely and hygienically. Once your doctor is assured that you (or your partner) are comfortable with the procedure (and can properly use sterile technique) home therapy can be started. CAVERJECT is supplied with everything you need, including complete instructions, plus diagrams, to help you. During treatment, you may need your dose adjusted. NEVER increase or decrease the dose yourself without consulting your doctor. In fact, it is important to visit your doctor regularly, at least every 3 months during therapy, to ensure CAVERJECT is working safely and effectively.
Who Should NOT use CAVERJECT
CAVERJECT should not be used if you have an allergy to any of its ingredients (lactose monohydrate, sodium citrate dihydrate, benzyl alcohol), or if you have a medical condition such as sickle cell anemia or trait, or certain cancers (e.g. multiple myeloma or leukemia) which might make you prone to painful and excessively long erections known as priapism (pri-ah-pizm). CAVERJECT should not be used by men who have been advised by their doctor to avoid sexual activity. Do not use CAVERJECT if you have a penile implant or a deformed penis (e.g. angulation, fibrosis, Peyronie's disease). Check with your doctor if you are not sure if you have or had any of these conditions. CAVERJECT is for use in MEN only, and should not be used in women or children. CAVERJECT is only for use in treating impotence, do not use CAVERJECT for other conditions.
Protect Yourself and Others
Always keep medications out of the reach of children. Do not save outdated medicine or medicine no longer needed. Do not use if solution is cloudy, coloured or contains particles. CAVERJECT will NOT protect you from sexually transmitted diseases (including the human immunodeficiency virus, HIV). An injection of CAVERJECT may cause a small amount of bleeding at the injection site. If you are infected with a blood-borne disease, even a little bleeding may increase the risk of passing blood-borne diseases to your partner(s). Take protective measures at all times.
What You Should Know BEFORE Using CAVERJECT
Substances like CAVERJECT act on the blood vessels and may (when injected directly into the corpora cavernosa of the penis) lead to erections that last a long time and which may be painful and tender (priapism). An erection lasting longer than 3 hours is not a "normal" length of time for the penis to stay rigid. If this occurs, you have probably overdosed. Report this to your doctor immediately. Treat as a medical emergency. If you are taking medication to prevent blood clotting, (such as warfarin or heparin) you may experience bruising at the injection site. To help prevent this, press down on the injection site with your thumb and hold for 5 minutes. Discuss with your doctor the use of other medications (both prescription and non-prescription) while taking CAVERJECT. There is no apparent injectable treatment using multiple drug ingredients or "cocktail" for erectile dysfunction. In addition, there are no data on the efficacy and safety of these combinations.
What You Should Do if You Experience a Prolonged Erection
If you have an erection lasting longer than 2 hours, try to reduce the erection using methods suggested by your doctor. Do not wait, it is easier to reduce the erection if you treat it earlier rather than later. Erections that last more than 6 hours can cause serious and permanent damage. If your penis is still hard after 3 hours see your doctor immediately or go to emergency. Write on a piece of paper the name of the drug, the dose and the time you took it and bring this with you to emergency.
Adverse Reactions from Using CAVERJECT
The most common adverse effect is mild to moderate pain in the penis after injection or during an erection. About one-third of patients experience this effect. Other patients may experience a "burning sensation", "discomfort" or "tension" in the penis. Occasionally you may have blood blisters (hematoma, ecchymosis) at the site of injection. These relate to improper injection technique rather than the effects of CAVERJECT. If this occurs, ask your doctor to re-instruct you. Pressing down on the injection site will help avoid blood blisters. Other local adverse effects include: fibrosis (formation of scar tissue in the penile tissues), irritation, sensitivity, penile rash and penile edema (fluid in the tissues). Rarely occurring are: pain in the testicles or at the base of the penis, erythema (redness of the skin), penile lumps, tenderness, abnormal ejaculation, curved erections, balanitis (inflammation of the tip of the penis) and itching, swelling, inflammation or bleeding at the injection site, urethral bleeding and injuries resulting from poor injection technique. Rare whole-body effects include: changes in blood pressure, irregular heartbeat, increased pulse rate, dizziness, headache, faintness. Call your doctor if you notice any of the above or if you experience anything not listed here. Tell your doctor if you have a condition or are taking a medicine that interferes with blood clotting.
Guide to the correct use of Caverject Sterile Powder
The information provided below only applies to the self-injection of CAVERJECT STERILE POWDER (Alprostadil for Injection).
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This guide does not replace the advice of your doctor. If you have any questions, please ask your doctor. A case of CAVERJECT has enough drug for one injection. The number of cases you need will depend on the length of your therapy.
Each blue plastic case contains the following:
One vial of CAVERJECT sterile powder in strengths of either 5, 10, 20 or 40 ug. Ensure you have the correct strength CAVERJECT vial for your dosage.
One pre-filled syringe containing bacteriostatic water . This is sterile water containing a preservative and is used to dissolve CAVERJECT. This solution does not contain active drug. You will use this syringe after attaching the needle, to inject the drug into your penis.
A 27-gauge, 0.5 inch needle . Keep the plastic cover on the needle until ready to inject.
Two alcohol swabs. It is important to use the swabs to provide hygienic conditions and prevent infection.
Subtext: Vial containing CAVERJECT STERILE POWDER. ; Syringe containing bacteriostatic water for injection (diluent); Needle with cover; Two alcohol swabs
You can store unused vials of CAVERJECT Sterile Powder 5, 10 and 20 ug between 2EC to 30EC.
Do not freeze.
Do not use vials after the expiry date listed on the label. Once dissolved, the Caverject solution must be used immediately. Do not freeze solution. Use contents of each vial only once. Throw out unused solution. See "Disposal of Used Materials" at the end of this guide.
Failure to comply with the following antiseptic measures may lead to infection.
To ensure sterile conditions, never contaminate the needle. The disposable needle and syringe require no sterilization steps if the package is intact.
reuse needles or syringes.
give used needles or syringes to others.
Self-injection Method
Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water.
Pull back on tabs of needle package to expose open end of needle. Do not let this end touch any surface.
Hold syringe tip upwards and remove rubber end cover. Continue to hold syringe upright in one hand. With free hand, pick up needle by covered end.
Wuth needle cover still on, attach open end of needle to syringe tip by pushing down and twisting into place (see diagram). Make sure the needle fits tightly.
Subtext: Joining the needle to the syringe Remove the plastic cap from the vial. Wipe the rubber stopper of the vial, using one of the swabs provided (see diagram). Discard the used swab (the second swab is needed later). Subtext: Wiping the rubber stopper of the vial Handle the syringe by the barrel only. Remove needle cover carefully from the syringe. Do not allow needle to touch any surface. Holding the syringe with needle pointing upward, push plunger to the 1-cc (mL) line marked on the syringe. (This will remove a slight amount of overfill in the syringe.) Pierce needle through the centre portion of the vial's rubber cap. Push down plunger and inject entire contents of syringe (bacteriostatic ( bak-te-reo-stat-ik) water) into the vial. (See diagram) Subtext: Injecting bacteriostatic water into the vial Carefully hold syringe and vial as a unit, and gently swirl the two (do not shake) until the powder dissolves completely. DO NOT USE if the resulting solution is cloudy or coloured, or if it contains particles.
To withdraw the medication, turn the vial (and syringe) upside down. Keep tip of needle below the level of the fluid. Then slowly withdraw syringe plunger until the amount of solution is level with the line recommended by your doctor.
Subtext: Withdrawing the medication If there are air bubbles in the syringe, tap syringe gently to remove them, or inject the solution back into the vial and slowly withdraw again. (See diagram) Subtext: Tapping the syringe to remove air bubbles Remove needle from bottle and carefully replace needle cover. DO NOT puncture the vial more than once, you could contaminate the solution. Diagram A. Cross-section of penis showing injection sites Subtext: Veins, Arteries, Nerves, Corpora Cavernosa (both), Injection sites; Needle correctly entering one of the corpora cavernosa, Urethra Diagram B. Top view of penis showing injection sites. Subtext: Injection sites (shaded areas).
The medication must be injected into either of two areas of the corpora cavernosa (spongy tissue of penis). As you can see from diagrams A and B above, the corpora cavernosa run down both sides of the penis. Follow these instructions carefully to ensure you inject the medication correctly.
Perform the self-injection while sitting in an upright or slightly reclining position and under good lighting.
Only use the injection areas shown in diagrams A and B. DO NOT inject the very top or underside of your penis. Change the injection site each time you use CAVERJECT. (i.e. choose the right side for this injection, use the left side next time, and so on.) Within either area, the injection point should also be changed each time.
Grasp the head of your penis with your thumb and forefinger. Stretch your penis tautly and hold it firmly against your thigh so that it does not slip. In uncircumcised men, the foreskin must be pulled back to assure proper placement of the injection.
Clean the injection area thoroughly with a new alcohol swab. Put swab to one side; you will need to use it again.
Hold syringe between thumb and index finger. Do not put your thumb on the plunger. With syringe at a right angle (90E) to your penis, insert needle to penetrate the skin at the injection site. (See diagram) This is a sensitive area, so expect a little discomfort. Avoid any area where veins are clearly visible.
Once the needle pierces the skin and resistance is felt, push needle firmly forward until a distinct "give" is felt and insert the needle all the way in with a steady, continuous motion. Subtext: Inserting the needle into the injection site Move your thumb or forefinger to the top of plunger and press down. Inject the entire contents of the syringe using a slow, steady motion. (See diagram) Subtext: Injecting the contents of the syringe Withdraw the needle from your penis and replace needle cover. Squeeze both sides of your penis immediately, and apply pressure with the alcohol swab to the injection site for about 3 minutes. If bleeding occurs, maintain pressure until the bleeding stops. As long as you use your doctor's recommended dose, expect an erection to occur within 5 to 20 minutes after an injection. A standard treatment goal is to produce an erection lasting up to an hour. If an erection is extremely painful (or persists after 3 hours) or if you have other adverse effects that concern you, consult your doctor immediately.
Always safely dispose of the used syringe (needle), vial and swabs. To help you, the CAVERJECT case is designed as a safe and convenient disposal unit that should be locked. (As another option, your pharmacist may supply a disposal box especially for syringes.) Subtext: Snapping shut the Caverject container. Pushing down the locking device to close the Caverject container permanently.
Remove red plastic lock from its holder inside the case. Put this to the side.
Place used syringe, needle, vial and used swabs in the plastic case. Close firmly so the case snaps shut.
Remove centre part of CAVERJECT label (perforated area) to show the keyhole.
To lock case, push the red lock through the hole in the case top. The case is now locked.
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You can now safely dispose of the case. Due to the contents, this is not a recyclable product, DO NOT place in a recycle bin. If you have any questions about the benefits and risks of using CAVERJECT, ask your doctor.
The actions of PGE1 involve the cardiovascular system, central nervous system (CNS), autonomic nervous system, respiratory system, gastrointestinal system and hematopoietic system. Cardiovascular. PGE1 uniformly lowers the blood pressure of animals when administered intravenously in doses between 1 and 10 :g/kg. The depressor action is due to a decrease in peripheral resistance. Associated with this are an increased cardiac output and heart rate. The effect of PGE1 on the cerebral circulation is controversial. Only a low potential exists that intrapenile PGE1 could induce a cardiovascular change since very limited systemic circulation occurs. Central Nervous System. Prostaglandins are normally present in CNS tissue and exert potent and varied actions. The mechanisms are poorly understood but may be associated with increased cAMP levels. Large doses (7-20 :g/kg in cats, 25-50 :g/kg in monkeys) of PGE1 given by intraventricular injection has sedative effects in animals. The relevance of this pharmacologic activity to peripherally administered PGE1 is questionable since only minute amounts of PGE1 are taken up by the nervous tissue. PGE1 injected into the hypothalamus produces an elevation in body temperature. Autonomic Nervous System. PGE1 appears to inhibit norepinephrine release from adrenergic nerve endings and inhibits effector responses resulting from adrenergic nerve stimulation. Cholinergic responses are generally enhanced by PGE1, with the exceptions of the heart and gastric mucosa. PGE1 generally stimulates gastrointestinal smooth muscle and antagonizes sympathomimetic effects on smooth muscle. Respiratory System. PGE1 inhibits bronchial muscle tone in animals and man when administered by aerosol. Infusion of PGE1 reduces arterial pulmonary pressure in dogs. The actions of PGE1 in the respiratory system are brief since the lung is capable of extensive metabolism. In guinea pigs and dogs, a single pass through the lungs removes 90% of PGE1 from the circulation within minutes. Gastrointestinal. In rats, guinea pigs, cats and dogs, PGE1 inhibits gastric acid secretion by direct action on the mucosa rather than by effecting mucosal blood flow. In contrast, PGE1 stimulates intestinal secretion. Intra-arterial infusion of PGE1 in dogs (0.01-1 :g/min) and cats (1 :g/mL) also decreased jejunal motility. Intra-jejunal PGE1 (0.9 :g/kg/min) administered to humans had the effect of reversing the net absorption of water and electrolytes. The role of prostaglandins in diarrhea however, is not established. PGE1 has no effect on salivary secretion in dogs. No consistent effect of PGE1 on insulin secretion is apparent. Hematopoietic. PGE1 strongly inhibits ADP-induced platelet aggregation in rat, pig and human plasma. In humans and animals no inhibition is produced at doses of 0.1 and 0.2 :g/kg/min.
PGE1 is a natural constituent of many mammalian tissues and fluids including the semen of fertile men. The disposition of PGE1 following intrapenile or intracavernosal injection in laboratory animals has not been studied, however, the disposition has been extensively studied following systemic (intravenous) administration and results of those studies are described briefly.
Distribution
Distribution From Plasma. PGE1 is rapidly distributed and metabolized throughout the entire body with the exception of the CNS where distribution is limited. Metabolism of PGE1 in a single pass through the lung is extensive, amounting to approximately 80% in man, 87-95% in dogs, 90% in cats and rabbits, 88% in rats and 73% in newborn and young lambs. Human pulmonary extraction of PGE1 is affected by disease state, and is found to be diminished (.15%) in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Pulmonary clearance in such patients varies as a function of both cardiac output and intrinsic clearance. In animals, PGE1 is also removed from the blood by the liver, kidney and during passage through the upper and lower body extremities. The major circulating (plasma) metabolite of PGE1 in humans, rats and dogs is 13,14-dihydro-15- oxoprostaglandin E1. The other predominant metabolite observed in rat and dog plasma was 15-oxoprostaglandin E1. These two metabolites lack almost complete biological activity. Recently, the formation of a biologically active metabolite, 13,14-dihydro-PGE1, has been demonstrated in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease and has been shown to lower blood pressure, relax smooth muscle and inhibit platelet aggregation. Tissue Distribution. Autoradiography following administration of PGE1 in mice and rats indicates that PGE1 accumulates mainly in the liver and kidneys (highest concentrations), with some distribution in connective tissue and myometrium and least in the CNS. There is very little lung tissue retention of either PGE1 or its metabolites. The rat liver removes 89-95% of the PGE1 in a single pass with a significant fraction of the metabolites excreted into the bile. The dog kidney metabolizes about 40% of PGE1 during a single pass. Protein Binding. PGE1 is bound primarily to plasma albumin (81%) and to a lesser extent to the a-globulin IV-4 fraction (55%), although the association is too weak to effect either the rate of metabolism or excretion of PGE1. No significant binding could be demonstrated with erythrocytes or white cells.
Metabolism
The metabolism of PGE1 in man, rats and guinea pigs involves at least five sets of enzymatic reactions: (a) dehydrogenation of the C-15 hydroxy group, (b) reduction of the 13,14-trans double bond, (c) one or two steps of b-oxidation, (d) o-oxidation, and (e) reduction of the 9-oxo group. In general, considerable similarity exists among animal species in the metabolism of PGE1. The corpus cavernosum of the penis possesses significant 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (PGDH) activity, which may be involved in regulating penile erection through its effect on cavernous tissue prostaglandin concentrations. Local metabolism of intrapenile PGE1 is indicated by a decline in cavernosal PGE1 concentrations without an accompanying increase in systemic levels above endogenous levels. In addition, no notable hemodynamic or clinical chemistry changes are noted after intracavernosal injection of PGE1.
Excretion
The main route of elimination of PGE1 metabolites in humans, dogs, rats and guinea pigs is by the kidney. Urinary excretion of PGE1 metabolites is rapid and essentially complete within 24 hours. No unchanged PGE1 has been found in urine. Most of the urinary metabolites are more polar than PGE1, thus indicating subsequent metabolism of the two predominant plasma metabolites. The major urinary metabolite of PGE1 in man, comprising 10-30% of the dose, is 11a-hydroxy-9,15-dioxo-2,3,4,5- tetranorprosta-1,20 dioic acid. Although only 3 additional human urinary metabolites have been characterized, the disposition of PGE1 and PGE2 are similar and metabolites of PGE1 are considered analogous to those of PGE2.
| Acute Toxicity | ||
| Species | Route | Combined Sex Estimated LD 50 Values, (mg/kg) |
| Mouse | IV | 96 (80-115) |
| Mouse | IV | 76 (66-88) |
| Mouse Neonate Mouse Adult | SC SC | 12 (10-14) 76 (63-91) |
| Mouse | SC | 49 (42-56) |
| Rat | IV | 30 (26-34) |
| Rat | SC | 15 (13-17) |
| Rat Neonate | SC | 33 (29-39) |
| Rat | SC | 25 (22-29) |
| Dog | I-Arterial | Non-toxic at 0.5 : g/kg/min |
Common clinical signs included: depression (inactivity), soft stool or diarrhea and rapid breathing. Hence, alprostadil was found to compromise the CNS, gastrointestinal tract and respiratory system at high doses.
| Long-Term Toxicity | ||||
| Species | Alprostadil Dose | Route | Duration | Observations |
| Rat | 150, 475, 1500 ng/kg/min | IV | 30 d | lethargy, tearing, edema of distal limbs, flushing, enlarged zymbal and mammary glands. |
| Rat | 0.5-2.2 mg/kg/d 1.0-2.5 mg/kg/d | SC | 7 d | retarded weight gain, changes in food and water consumption. maximum tolerable dose: 1.0 to 1.5 mg/kg/d (prolonged use) |
| Dog | 32, 100, 320 ng/kg/min | IV | 14 d | anorexia, tearing, depressed activity, edema, ptosis of eyelids 8 leukocytes, platelets, alkaline phosphatase, CPK, 9 erythrocytes, Hgb, Hct, calcium, albumin, glucose. treatment-related normocytic anemia. |
| Dog | 25, 80, 250 ng/kg/min | IV | 30 d | anorexia, tearing, lethargy, edema, subperiosteal new bone, 8 alkaline phosphatase, fibrinogen, Hct; 9 ALT, AST, BUN, calcium, albumin, glucose, total protein, Hgb, RBC, eosinophil. treatment-related normocytic anemia. |
| Dog | 100 ng/kg/min | IV | 30 d | enlarged limb bones, edema, new bone formation, bone resorption and remodelling. |
| Monkey | 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 mg/kg | IM | 8 d | emesis, sialorrhea, depression. maximum tolerable dose: 1 mg/kg (prolonged use) |
Alprostadil at doses up to 0.2 mg/kg/day did not adversely affect or alter rat spermatogenesis which is relevant to alprostadil administration to men and represents a 200-fold margin of safety for male reproductive function.
An extensive battery of genetic toxicology studies conducted with alprostadil gave no evidence of mutagenicity or genetic toxicity. The influence of alprostadil on the growth rate of transplantable tumours was examined in mice receiving continuous intravenous infusion of up to 16 :g/kg/min alprostadil for 9.5-10 days. Alprostadil treatment had no influence on the growth or malignancy potential of colon or mammary adenocarcinoma.
No carcinogenicity studies were conducted with alprostadil. The short-term uses and the short biological half-life of alprostadil obviate the need for these studies.
| Local Tolerance | ||||
| Species | Alprostadil Dose | Rout e | Duration | Observations |
| Rat | 20, 40, 80 : g/mL | IV | bolus | concentration dependent pain response. |
| Monkey | 3 : g/d (20 : g/mL) | IC + | 3x/wk, 14 d | raised foci at dose site, mild injection-related foreign body tissue response. |
| Monkey | 9 : g/dose | IC | 3x/wk, 30 d | no penile/non-penile tissue lesions attributable to PGE 1 . raised foci at dose site, mild injection-related foreign body tissue response - reversible. |
| Monkey | 3, 9 : g/dose | IC | 2x/wk, 6 mo | no penile/non-penile tissue lesions attributable to PGE 1 . raised foci, hematomas, sc bleeds at dose site, injection- related foreign tissue response - reversible. |
| Monkey | 3, 8.25 : g/dose | IC | 2x/wk (incl 3-tid doses), 1 yr | no drug-related penile or systemic tissue lesions. penile bruising & reddening, raised foci, injection-related MN and/or PMN leukocyte infiltration, focal fibrous tissue proliferation - reversible. |
+
IC = intracavernosal (intrapenile)
Hedlund H, Andersson K-E. Contraction and relaxation induced by some prostanoids in isolated human penile erectile tissue and cavernous artery. J Urol 1985; 134:1245-50.
Hedlund H, Andersson K-E, Fovaeus M, Holmquist F, Uski T. Characterization of contraction-mediating prostanoid receptors in human penile erectile tissues. J Urol 1989; 141:182-6.
Roy AC, Tan SM, Kottegoda SR, Ratnam SS. Ability of human corpora cavernosa muscle to generate prostaglandins and thromboxanes in vitro. IRCS Med Sci 1984; 12:608-9.
Hamberg M, Samuelsson B. On the metabolism of prostaglandin E1 and E2 in man.
J Biol Chem 1971; 246(22):6713-21. Rosenkranz B, Fischer C, Boeynaems JM, Frolich JC. Metabolic disposition of prostaglandin E1 in man. Biochem Biophys Acta 1983; 750:231-6. Aboseif SR, Breza J, Bosch RJLH, Benard F, Stief CG, Stackl W, et al. Local and systemic effects of chronic intracavernous injection of papaverine, prostaglandin E1 and saline in primates. J Urol 1989; 142:403-8. Hwang TI-S, Yang C-R, Ho WL, Chu H-W. Histopathological change of corpora cavernosa after long-term intracavernous injection. Eur Urol 1991; 20:301-6. Mahrt CR. U-10136 (Alprostadil; Prostaglandin E1): One year intrapenile local irritation study in cynomolgus monkeys (Protocol 92-813). Upjohn Technical Report 7220-93-035. December 3, 1993. (data on file with The Upjohn Company of Canada) Adaikan PG, Ratnam SS. Pharmacology of penile erection in humans. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 1988; 11:191-4. Lue TF, editor. World Book of Impotence. UK: Smith-Gordon & Co. Ltd., 1992. Porst H, VanAhlen H, Block TH, Halbig W, Hautmann R, Lochner-Ernst D, et al. Intracavernous self-injection of prostaglandin E1 in the therapy of erectile dysfunction. VASA Suppl 1989; 28:50-6. Ishii N, Watanabe H, Irisawa C, Kikuchi Y, Kubota Y, Kawamura S, et al. Intracavernous injection of prostaglandin E1 for the treatment of erectile impotence. J Urol 1989; 141:323-5. Stackl W, Hasun R, Marberger M. The use of prostaglandin E1 for diagnosis and treatment of erectile dysfunction. World J Urol 1990; 8:84-6. Schramek P, Waldhauser M. Dose-dependent effect and side-effect of prostaglandin E1 in erectile dysfunction. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1989; 28:567-71. Schramek P, Dorninger R, Waldhauser M, Konecny P, Porpaczy P. Prostaglandin E1 in erectile dysfunction: Efficiency and incidence of priapism. Br J Urol 1990; 65:68-71. Earle CM, Keogh EJ, Ker JK, Cherry DJ, Glatthaar C, Tulloch AGS, et al. Intracavernosal injection therapy for impotence due to spinal cord injury. Int J Impotence Res 1990; 2 Suppl 2:297-8. Ravnik-Oblak M, Oblak C, Vodusek DB, Kristl V, Ziherl S. Intracavernous injection of prostaglandin E1 in impotent diabetic men. Int J Impotence Res 1990; 2:143-50. Linet OI, Ogrinc FG. Long-term safety study with alprostadil sterile powder (Alprostadil S.Po. ; prostaglandin E1; PGE1) in patients with erectile dysfunction (Protocol M/5650/0070). Upjohn Technical Report 9124-93-007, December 10, 1993. (data on file with The Upjohn Company of Canada) Weber RE, Ogrinc FG, Hansen JP, Linet OI. Dose-escalating study with alprostadil sterile powder (prostaglandin E1, PGE1) in patients with erectile dysfunction of neurogenic origin secondary to spinal cord injury (Protocol M/5650/0087). Upjohn Technical Report 9124-93-009, November 29, 1993. (data on file with The Upjohn Company of Canada)