DATA SHEET

EMTRIVA(r) (emtricitabine) Capsules NAME OF THE MEDICINE

EMTRIVA 200 mg hard capsules. The active substance in EMTRIVA hard capsules is emtricitabine. Emtricitabine is a synthetic nucleoside analogue, designated chemically as 5-fluoro-1- (2R,5S)-[2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan 5-yl]cytosine. Emtricitabine is the (-) enantiomer of a thio analogue of cytidine, which differs from other cytidine analogues in that it has a fluorine in the 5- position. It has a molecular formula of C8H10FN3O3S and a molecular weight of 247.24. CAS Registry No. : 143491-57-0 Chemical Structure:

H2N N O

N O

F

OH

S

DESCRIPTION

Emtricitabine is a white to off-white powder with a solubility of approximately 112 mg/mL in water at 25oC. The log P for emtricitabine is -0.43 and the pKa is 2.65. EMTRIVA hard capsules contain the following ingredients as excipients: microcrystalline cellulose (E460), crospovidone, magnesium stearate (E572), povidone, purified water, capsule shell: gelatin, indigo carmine (CI 73015) (E132), titanium dioxide (E171), printing ink: iron oxide black (CI77499) (E172) and shellac (E904). Each EMTRIVA capsule has a white opaque body with light blue opaque cap. Each capsule is printed with "200 mg" on the cap and "GILEAD" and [Gilead logo] on the body in black ink. Capsules are supplied in bottles.

PHARMACOLOGY

Emtricitabine is a synthetic nucleoside analogue of cytidine with activity against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1 and HIV-2) and hepatitis-B virus (HBV). Emtricitabine is phosphorylated by cellular enzymes to form emtricitabine 5'-triphosphate. Emtricitabine 5' triphosphate is a competitive inhibitor of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, which results in DNA chain termination. Emtricitabine is a weak inhibitor of mammalian DNA polymerase , and and mitochondrial DNA polymerase g in vitro.

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Emtricitabine belongs to the nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors pharmacotherapeutic group (ATC Code: J05AF09). Antiviral activity in vitro: The in vitro antiviral activity of emtricitabine against laboratory and clinical isolates of HIV was assessed in lymphoblastoid cell lines, the MAGI-CCR5 cell line, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) value for emtricitabine was in the range of 0.0013 to 0.64 uM. In drug combination studies of emtricitabine with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (abacavir, lamivudine (3TC), stavudine (d4T), tenofovir, zalcitabine, zidovudine), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (delavirdine, efavirenz, nevirapine), and protease inhibitors (amprenavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir), additive to synergistic effects were observed. Most of these drug combinations have not been studied in humans. Emtricitabine displayed antiviral activity in vitro against HIV-1 clades A, B, C, D, E, F, and G (IC50 values ranged from 0.007 to 0.075 M) and showed strain specific activity against HIV-2 (IC50 values ranged from 0.007 to 1.5

M).

When tested for activity against laboratory strains of HBV, the 50% inhibitory concentration (EC50) value for emtricitabine was in the range of 0.01 to 0.04 mol/l.

Clinical virology: HIV resistance to emtricitabine develops as the result of changes at codon 184 causing the methionine to be changed to a valine (an isoleucine intermediate has also been observed) of the HIV reverse transcriptase. This HIV mutation was observed in vitro and in HIV infected patients. Genotypic resistance analysis was performed in Study 301A (see Clinical Trials). This study was a double-blind, active-controlled multicentre study comparing emtricitabine administered in combination with didanosine and efavirenz versus d4T, didanosine and efavirenz in 571 antiretroviral naive patients. Genotypic resistance analysis was performed in 48 of the 50 patients with virological failure (greater than 400 copies/mL) identified during the course of the study (13 in the emtricitabine group and 35 of the 37 patients with failure in the d4T group). Virological failure with at least 1 new genotypic mutation developed in 12/286 (4%) patients in the emtricitabine group and 31/285 (11%) in the d4T group (P=0.005). Of these patients, 11 and 31 patients respectively developed an NNRTI-associated mutation. Five of the 11 emtricitabine group patients developed the M184/I mutation in addition to the NNRTI mutation and 1 developed a mutation at position K65N (possibly associated with didanosine).

Cross Resistance: Emtricitabine resistant viruses with the M184V mutation are cross resistant with lamivudine and zalcitabine. Viruses with the K65R mutation selected for in vivo by use of abacavir, didanosine, tenofovir and zalcitabine demonstrate reduced susceptibility to inhibition by emtricitabine. Viruses which harbour mutations which confer reduced susceptibility to other NRTIs i.e. d4T and zidovudine (M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, T215Y/F, K219Q/E) or didanosine (L74V) or the NNRTI group (K103N), remained sensitive to emtricitabine.

Pharmacokinetics

The pharmacokinetics of emtricitabine were evaluated in healthy volunteers and HIV- infected individuals. Emtricitabine pharmacokinetics are similar between these populations.

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Figure 1 shows the mean steady-state plasma emtricitabine concentration-time profile in 20 HIV-infected subjects receiving EMTRIVA.

Figure 1

Mean ( 95% CI) Steady-State Plasma Emtricitabine Concentrations in HIV-Infected Adults (n = 20)

FTC Concentration (g/mL)

10.00

1.00

0.10

0 4 8 12 16 20 24

Time(hours)

Absorption: Emtricitabine is rapidly and extensively absorbed following oral administration with peak plasma concentrations occurring at 1 to 2 hours post-dose. In 20 HIV infected subjects receiving 200 mg emtricitabine daily, steady-state plasma emtricitabine peak concentrations (Cmax), trough concentrations (Cmin) and area under the plasma concentration time curve over a 24-hour dosing interval (AUC) were 1.8+-0.7 ug/ml, 0.09+-0.7 ug/ml and 10.0+-3.1 h.ug/ml, respectively. The mean steady-state plasma trough concentration at 24 hours post-dose was equal to or greater than the mean in vitro IC90 value for anti-HIV activity (IC90 0.09 ug/ml). The absolute bioavailability of EMTRIVA 200 mg capsules was estimated to be 93%. Effects of Food on Oral Absorption: Administration of emtricitabine 200 mg hard capsules with a high-fat meal did not affect systemic exposure (AUC0-) whilst Cmax decreased by 29%. Therefore EMTRIVA 200 mg hard capsules may be administered with or without food.

Distribution:

In vitro

binding of emtricitabine to human plasma proteins was <4% and independent of concentration over the range of 0.02 - 200 ug/ml. At peak plasma concentration, the mean plasma to blood drug concentration ratio was ~ 1.0 and the mean semen to plasma drug concentration ratio was ~ 4.0. Distribution of emtricitabine to central nervous system has not been studied.

The apparent volume of distribution after intravenous administration of emtricitabine was 1.4+0.3 l/kg, indicating that emtricitabine is widely distributed throughout the body to both intracellular and extracellular fluid spaces. Metabolism: In vitro studies indicate that emtricitabine is not an inhibitor of human CYP450 enzymes. Following oral administration of 14C-emtricitabine, complete recovery of the dose was achieved in urine (~ 86%) and faeces (~ 14%). Thirteen percent (13%) of the dose was recovered in urine as three putative metabolites. The biotransformation of emtricitabine includes oxidation of the thiol moiety to form the 3'-sulfoxide diastereomers (~ 9% of dose)

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and conjugation with glucuronic acid to form 2'-O-glucuronide (~ 4% of dose). No other metabolites were identifiable.

Excretion:

Emtricitabine is primarily excreted by the kidneys with complete recovery of the dose achieved in urine (~ 86%) and faeces (~ 14%). Thirteen percent of the emtricitabine dose was recovered in urine as three metabolites. The systemic clearance of emtricitabine averaged 307 ml/min (4.03 ml/min/kg). Following oral administration, the elimination half- life of emtricitabine is approximately 10 hours. The renal clearance of emtricitabine is greater than the estimated creatinine clearance, which suggests elimination by both glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion.

Linearity/non-linearity:

The pharmacokinetics of emtricitabine are proportional to dose over a dose range of 25 to 200 mg following single or repeated administration.

Age and gender:

Pharmacokinetics of EMTRIVA have not been fully evaluated in children. The pharmacokinetics of emtricitabine have not been fully evaluated in the elderly.

No clinically important differences have been identified due to gender or ethnicity. Renal impairment: The pharmacokinetics of emtricitabine are altered in patients with renal impairment (See PRECAUTIONS). In patients with creatinine clearance < 50 ml/min or with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring dialysis, Cmax, AUC of emtricitabine were increased due to a reduction in renal clearance (Table 1). It is required that the dosing interval for EMTRIVA be modified in patients with creatinine clearance < 50 ml/min or in patients with ESRD who require dialysis (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).

Table 1

Mean SD Pharmacokinetic Parameters in Patients with Varying Degrees of Renal Function

*ESRD patients requiring dialysis "-" = not applicable

In patients with ESRD requiring haemodialysis approximately 30% of the emtricitabine dose was recovered in dialysate over a 3-hour dialysis period started within 1.5 hours of emtricitabine dosing (blood flow rate of 400 ml/min and a dialysate flow rate of ~ 600 ml/min).

Hepatic impairment:

Pharmacokinetics of emtricitabine have not been fully elucidated in persons with hepatic impairment.

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Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic relationship: The in vivo activity of emtricitabine was evaluated in two clinical trials in which 101 patients were administered 25 to 400 mg a day of EMTRIVA as monotherapy for 10 to 14 days. A dose-related antiviral effect was observed, with a median decrease from baseline in plasma HIV RNA of 1.3 log10 at a dose of 25 mg once daily and 1.7 log10 to 1.9 log10 at a dose of 200 mg once daily.

Intracellular pharmacokinetics:

In a clinical study the intracellular half-life of emtricitabine-triphosphate in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was 39 hours and intracellular triphosphate levels increased with dose, but reached a plateau at doses of 200 mg or greater.

Pharmacokinetic Drug Interactions

At concentrations up to 14 fold higher than those observed in vivo, emtricitabine did not inhibit in vitro drug metabolism mediated by any of the following human CYP450 isoforms: 1A2, 2A6, 2B6, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, and 3A4. Emtricitabine did not inhibit uridine-5- diphosphoglucuronyl transferase, the enzyme responsible for glucuronidation. Based on the results of these in vitro experiments and the known elimination pathways of emtricitabine, the potential for CYP450-mediated interactions involving emtricitabine with other medicinal products is low. EMTRIVA has been evaluated in healthy volunteers in combination with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (DF), indinavir, famciclovir, zidovudine, and d4T. Tables 2 and 3 summarise the pharmacokinetic effects of co-administered drug on emtricitabine pharmacokinetics and effects of emtricitabine on the pharmacokinetics of co-administered drug.

Table 2

Drug Interactions: Change in Pharmacokinetic Parameters for Emtricitabine

in the Presence of the Co-administered Drug1

All interaction studies conducted in healthy volunteers

2 = Increase; = Decrease; = no effect; "-" = not applicable

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Table 3

Drug Interactions: Change in Pharmacokinetic Parameters for Co-administered Drug

in the Presence of Emtricitabine1

All interaction studies conducted in healthy volunteers

= Increase; = Decrease; = no effect; "-" = not applicable There are no clinically significant interactions when emtricitabine is co-administered with either: indinavir, zidovudine, d4T, famciclovir, or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. There is no clinical experience of co-administration of emtricitabine with other cytidine analogues. Use of emtricitabine in combination with lamivudine or zalcitabine is not recommended. Emtricitabine is primarily excreted renally via glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion. Apart from famciclovir and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, the effect of co-administration of 200 mg emtricitabine with medicinal products that are excreted renally, or other medicinal products known to affect renal function has not been evaluated. Co-administration of 200 mg emtricitabine with medicinal products that are eliminated by active tubular secretion may lead to an increase in serum concentrations of either emtricitabine or a co-administered medicinal product due to competition for this elimination pathway.

CLINICAL TRIALS

Study 301A: EMTRIVA once daily + didanosine once daily + efavirenz once daily compared to d4T BID + didanosine once daily + efavirenz once daily Study 301A was a 48 week double-blind, active-controlled multicentre study comparing EMTRIVA (200 mg once daily) administered in combination with didanosine and efavirenz versus d4T, didanosine and efavirenz in 571 antiretroviral naive patients. Patients had a mean age of 36 years (range 18 to 69), 85% were male, 52% Caucasian, 16% African- American and 26% Hispanic. Patients had a mean baseline CD4 cell count of 318 cells/mm3 (range 5-1317) and a median baseline plasma HIV RNA of 4.9 log10 copies/mL (range 2.6-

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7.0). Thirty-eight percent of patients had baseline viral loads >100,000 copies/mL and 31% had CD4 cell counts <200 cells/mL. Treatment outcomes are presented in Table 4 below.

Table 4 Outcomes of Randomised Treatment at Week 48 (Study 301A)

1. Patients achieved and maintained confirmed HIV RNA <400 copies/mL through Week 48.

2. Patients achieved and maintained confirmed HIV RNA <50 copies/mL through Week 48.

3. Includes patients who failed to achieve virologic suppression (<400 copies/mL) or rebounded after achieving virologic suppression.

4. Includes lost to follow-up, patient withdrawal, non-compliance, protocol violation and other reasons.

The mean increase from baseline in CD4 cell count was 168 cells/mm3 for the EMTRIVA arm and 134 cells/mm3 for the d4T arm. Through 48 weeks in the EMTRIVA group, 5 patients (1.7%) experienced a new CDC Class C event, compared to 7 patients (2.5%) in the d4T group.

Study 303: EMTRIVA once daily + Stable Background Therapy (SBT) compared to lamivudine BID + SBT Study 303 was a 48 week, open-label, active-controlled multicentre study comparing EMTRIVA (200 mg once daily) to lamivudine, in combination with d4T or zidovudine and a protease inhibitor or NNRTI in 440 patients who were on a lamivudine-containing triple- antiretroviral drug regimen for at least 12 weeks prior to study entry and had HIV-1 RNA

400 copies/mL.

Patients were randomised 1:2 to continue therapy with lamivudine (150 mg BID) or to switch to EMTRIVA (200 mg once daily). All patients were maintained on their stable background regimen. Patients had a mean age of 42 years (range 22-80), 86% were male, 64% Caucasian, 21% African-American and 13% Hispanic. Patients had a mean baseline CD4 cell count of 527 cells/mm3 (range 37-1909), and a median baseline plasma HIV RNA of 1.7 log10 copies/mL (range 1.7-4.0). The median duration of prior antiretroviral therapy was 27.6 months.

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Table 5. Outcomes of Randomised Treatment at Week 48 (Study 303)

1. Patients achieved and maintained confirmed HIV RNA <400 copies/mL through Week 48.

2. Patients achieved and maintained confirmed HIV RNA <50 copies/mL through Week 48.

3. Includes patients who failed to achieve virologic suppression (<400 copies/mL) or rebounded after achieving virologic suppression.

4. Includes lost to follow-up, patient withdrawal, non-compliance, protocol violation and other reasons.

The mean increase from baseline in CD4 cell count was 29 cells/mm3 for the EMTRIVA arm and 61 cells/mm3 for the lamivudine arm. Through 48 weeks, in the EMTRIVA group 2 patients (0.7%) experienced a new CDC Class C event, compared to 2 patients (1.4%) in the lamivudine group.

Study 934: EMTRIVA + VIREAD + efavirenz Compared with COMBIVIR (lamivudine/zidovudine) + efavirenz

Study 934 is a randomised, open-label, active controlled multicentre study comparing two different dosing regimens in 511 antiretroviral-naive HIV-1 infected patients. Patients were randomised to receive either EMTRIVA + VIREAD administered in combination with efavirenz or COMBIVIR (lamivudine/zidovudine) administered in combination with efavirenz. For patients randomised to receive EMTRIVA + VIREAD the two drugs were administered individually for the first 96 weeks and then switched to TRUVADA (fixed dose combination of tenofovir DF 300 mg/emtricitabine 200 mg) during weeks 96 to 144, without regard to food. For inclusion in the study, antiretroviral treatment naive adult patients ( 18 years) with plasma HIV RNA greater than 10,000 copies/mL, must have an estimated glomerular filtration rate as measured by Cockroft-Gault method of 50 mL/min, adequate haematologic function, hepatic transaminases and alanine aminotransferases 3 ULN, total bilirubin 1.5 mg/dL, serum amylase 1.5 ULN and serum phosphorus 2.2 mg/dL. Exclusion criteria included: a new AIDS defining condition diagnosed within 30 days (except on the basis of CD4 criteria), ongoing therapy with nephrotoxic drugs or agents that interacted with efavirenz, pregnancy/lactation, a history of clinically significant renal / bone disease or malignant disease other than Kaposi's sarcoma or basal-cell carcinoma, or a life expectancy of less than one year. If efavirenz-associated central nervous system toxicities occurred, nevirapine could be substituted for efavirenz. Patients who were not receiving their originally assigned treatment regimen after week 48 or 96 and during the 30-day extension study window were not eligible to continue to weeks 96 or 144 respectively.

Patients had a mean age of 38 years (range 18 to 80), 86% were male, 59% were Caucasian and 23% were Black. The mean baseline CD4 cell count was 245 cells/mm3 (range 2 to 1191) and median

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baseline plasma HIV-1 RNA was 5.01 log10 copies/mL (range 3.56 to 6.54). Patients were stratified by baseline CD4 count (< or 200 cells/mm3); 41% had CD4 cell counts <200 cells/mm3 and 51% of patients had baseline viral loads >100,000 copies/mL Treatment outcomes at 48 and 144 weeks for those patients who did not have efavirenz resistance at baseline are presented in Table 6.

Table 6 Outcomes of Randomised Treatment at Weeks 48 and 144 (Study 934) in Treatment Naive Patients

1. Patients achieved and maintained confirmed HIV-1 RNA <400 copies/mL.

2. Includes confirmed viral rebound and failure to achieve confirmed <400 copies/mL.

3. All deaths were unrelated to study drugs.

4. Patients received EMTRIVA + VIREAD up to week 96 and switched to TRUVADA from week 96 to 144.

In this study, EMTRIVA + VIREAD in combination with efavirenz was statistically significantly superior to COMBIVIR in combination with efavirenz with regards to the primary and secondary endpoints: achieving and maintaining HIV-1 RNA <400 copies/mL through 48 and 144 weeks (Table 6). The difference in the proportions of responders between the EMTRIVA + VIREAD group and the COMBIVIR group was 11.4%, and the 95% CI was 4.3% to 18.6% (p=0.002) at week 48 and a difference of 12.9% (95% CI was 4.2% to 21.6%, p=0.004) at week 144. Through 48 weeks of therapy, 80% and 70% of patients in the EMTRIVA + VIREAD and the COMBIVIR arms, respectively, achieved and maintained HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/mL. The difference in the proportions of responders between the EMTRIVA + VIREAD group and the COMBIVIR group was 9.1%, and the 95% CI was 1.6% to 16.6% (p=0.021) at week The proportion of patients responding at 144 weeks of therapy was higher in the TRUVADA group (64%) compared with the COMBIVIR group (56%); p=0.082, a difference of 8.1% and the 95% CI was -0.8% to 17.0%. The mean increase from baseline in CD4 cell count was 190 cells/mm3 and 312 cells/mm3 for the EMTRIVA + VIREAD + efavirenz arm, and 158 cells/mm3 and 271 cells/mm3 for the COMBIVIR + efavirenz arm (p=0.002 and p=0.088) at weeks 48 and 144 respectively.

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Resistance analysis was performed on HIV isolates from all patients with > 400 copies/mL of HIV-1 RNA at week 144 while on study drug or after treatment switch. Genotypic resistance to efavirenz, predominantly the K103N mutation, was the most common form of resistance that developed in both treatment arms. Resistance to efavirenz occurred in 68% (13/19) analysed patients in the TRUVADA group and in 72% (21/29) analysed patients in the COMBIVIR group. The M184V mutation, associated with resistance to emtricitabine and lamivudine developed significantly less in the analysed patients in the TRUVADA group 11% (2/19) compared with the analysed patients in the COMBIVIR group, 34% (10/29). Two patients in the COMBIVIR group developed thymidine analog mutations, specifically D67N or K70R mutations in the reverse transcriptase gene.

CONTRAINDICATIONS

EMTRIVA is contraindicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to emtricitabine or any other components of the capsule. EMTRIVA should not be administered concomitantly with TRUVADA (tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine combination tablet), ATRIPLA (tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine/efavirenz combination tablet), EVIPLERA (tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/ emtricitabine/ rilpivirine combination tablet) or drugs containing lamivudine, including COMBIVIR, 3TC, ZEFFIX, KIVEXA or TRIZIVIR.

PRECAUTIONS

General

Emtricitabine is not recommended for use in monotherapy for the treatment of HIV infection. Patients receiving emtricitabine or any other antiretroviral therapy may continue to develop opportunistic infections and other complications of HIV infection, and therefore should remain under close clinical observation by physicians experienced in the treatment of patients with HIV associated diseases. Patients should be advised that antiretroviral therapies, including emtricitabine have not been proven to prevent the risk of transmission of HIV to others through sexual contact or blood contamination. Appropriate precautions should continue to be used. Patients should also be informed that emtricitabine is not a cure for HIV infection.

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Lactic Acidosis/Severe Hepatomegaly with Steatosis

Lactic acidosis and severe hepatomegaly with steatosis, including fatal cases have been reported with the use of antiretroviral nucleoside analogues alone or in combination, in the treatment of HIV infection. A majority of cases have been in women. Obesity and prolonged nucleoside exposure may be risk factors. Patients at increased risk should be followed closely and dosing suspended in any patient who develops clinical/laboratory findings suggestive of lactic acidosis or pronounced hepatotoxicity. All patients, with or without identifiable risk factors may develop this adverse event.

Renal Function

Emtricitabine is principally eliminated by the kidney via glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion. Reduction of dosage is recommended for patients with impaired renal function (see PHARMACOKINETICS and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).

Lipodystrophy

Combination antiretroviral therapy has been associated with the redistribution of body fat (lipodystrophy) in HIV patients. The long-term consequences of these events are currently unknown. Knowledge about the mechanism is incomplete. A connection between visceral lipomatosis and protease inhibitors and lipoatrophy and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors has been hypothesised. A higher risk of lipodystrophy has been associated with individual factors such as older age, and with drug related factors such as longer duration of antiretroviral treatment and associated metabolic disturbances. Clinical examination should include evaluation for physical signs of fat redistribution. Consideration should be given to the measurement of fasting serum lipids and blood glucose. Lipid disorders should be managed as clinically appropriate.

Liver function

Emtricitabine has not been evaluated in non-HBV infected patients with hepatic impairment. Patients with chronic hepatitis-B or C and treated with combination antiretroviral therapy are at an increased risk for severe and potentially fatal hepatic adverse events.

Post-treatment Exacerbation of Hepatitis

The safety and efficacy of emtricitabine in patients co-infected with HIV and HBV has not been fully established. Exacerbations of hepatitis B have been reported after discontinuation of emtricitabine treatment. These exacerbations have been detected primarily by serum ALT elevations in addition to re-emergence of HBV DNA. In some of these patients, HBV reactivation was associated with more severe liver disease, including decompensation and liver failure. Therefore, it is recommended that all patients with HIV be tested for the presence of chronic hepatitis B virus before initiating antiretroviral therapy. Co-infected patients should be closely monitored with both clinical and laboratory follow-up for at least several months after stopping treatment with emtricitabine. There is insufficient evidence to determine whether re- initiation of emtricitabine alters the course of post-treatment exacerbations of hepatitis.

Immune Reconstitution Syndrome

In HIV-infected patients with severe immune deficiency at the time of initiation of antiretroviral therapy, an inflammatory reaction to asymptomatic or residual opportunistic pathogens may arise and cause serious clinical conditions, or aggravation of symptoms.

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Typically, such reactions have been observed within the first few weeks or months of initiation of antiretroviral therapy. Relevant examples are cytomegalovirus retinitis, generalised and/or focal mycobacterial infections and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Any inflammatory symptoms should be evaluated and treatment instituted when necessary.

Cytotoxicity

There was no evidence of toxicity to mitochondria in vitro.

Carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and impairment of fertility

There was no evidence of tumourigenesis in mice or rats given emtricitabine for 2 years at oral doses up to 750 mg/kg/day and 600 mg/kg/day, (30-33 and 34-42 times the clinical exposure based on AUC, respectively). Emtricitabine is not mutagenic in bacteria or mouse lymphoma cell assays in vitro nor clastogenic in the mouse micronucleus test in vivo. Emtricitabine did not affect fertility in female and male mice or in male rats at oral doses up to 1000 mg/kg/day and 3,000 mg/kg/day (52-77 and 132 times the clinical exposure based on AUC, respectively). No fertility effects were observed in the offspring of mice given up to 1,000 mg/kg/day oral emtricitabine (52 times the clinical exposure based on AUC) from gestation through lactation.

Teratology and reproductive toxicity:

Emtricitabine showed no evidence of teratogenicity and did not adversely affect reproduction or embryofoetal development. A moderate reduction in weight gain was observed in pregnant rabbits at exposures (AUC024) that were at least 30-fold greater than the anticipated human exposure following the recommended dose of 200 mg once daily.

Drug Interactions:

The potential for drug interactions with EMTRIVA has been studied in combination with indinavir, zidovudine, d4T, famciclovir and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. There were no clinically significant drug interactions for any of these drugs (see Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetic Drug Interactions).

Use in Pregnancy

Pregnancy Category B1

Studies in mice and rabbits have shown that emtricitabine readily crosses the placenta. No evidence of embryofoetal toxicity or teratogenicity was observed in pregnant mice or rabbits given oral doses of emtricitabine up to 1,000 mg/kg/day (52 and 130 times the clinical exposure based on AUC, respectively). Impaired weight gain observed in pregnant rabbits at doses >300 mg/kg/day was not associated with any adverse foetal effects (at least 33 times the clinical exposure based on AUC). There are, however, no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Because animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response, EMTRIVA should be used during pregnancy only if clearly needed.

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Use in Lactation:

No developmental toxicity was noted post-natally in the offspring of mice given oral emtricitabine up to 1,000 mg/kg/day (52 times the clinical exposure based on AUC) from gestation through lactation. Impaired weight gain observed in lactating mice at the 1,000 mg/kg/day dose was not associated with any adverse events on pup survival, developmental or reproductive parameters. Samples of breast milk obtained from five HIV-1 infected mothers show that emtricitabine is secreted in human milk at estimated neonatal concentrations 3 to 12 times higher than the emtricitabine IC50 but 3 to 12 times lower than the Cmin achieved from oral administration of emtricitabine. Breastfeeding infants whose mothers are being treated with emtricitabine may be at risk for developing viral resistance to emtricitabine. Other emtricitabine-associated risks in infants breastfed by mothers being treated with emtricitabine are unknown. Because of the potential for HIV transmission and the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants mothers should be instructed not to breast feed if they are receiving EMTRIVA.

Use in children:

Safety and efficacy of EMTRIVA in children have not been established.

Use in the Elderly:

Clinical studies of EMTRIVA did not contain sufficient numbers of patients aged 65 years and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger patients. In general, dose selection for the elderly patient should be cautious, keeping in mind the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION).

Effects on ability to drive and use machines:

No studies on the effects on ability to drive or use machines have been performed. However, patients should be informed that dizziness has been reported during treatment with emtricitabine.

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

Adults

: The recommended dose of EMTRIVA is one 200 mg hard capsule, taken orally once daily.

EMTRIVA may be taken with or without food.

Elderly

: No data are available on which to make a dose recommendation for patients over the age of 65 years.

Renal insufficiency:

Emtricitabine is eliminated by renal excretion and exposure to emtricitabine was significantly increased in patients with renal impairment (see Pharmacokinetics). Dosing interval adjustment is required in all patients with creatinine clearance < 50 ml/min, as detailed in Table 11 below.

The safety and efficacy of these dosing interval adjustment guidelines have not been clinically evaluated. Therefore, clinical response to treatment and renal function should be closely monitored in these patients.

Table 11. Dosage Adjustment for Patients with Altered Creatinine Clearance

* Assumes a 3h haemodialysis session three times a week.

No data are available on which to make a dosage recommendation in paediatric patients with renal impairment.

Hepatic impairment:

Based upon minimal hepatic metabolism and the renal route of elimination for emtricitabine, it is unlikely that a dose adjustment would be required for EMTRIVA in patients with hepatic impairment. No data are available on which to make a dose recommendation for patients with hepatic impairment.

OVERDOSAGE

There is no known antidote for EMTRIVA. Limited clinical experience is available at doses higher than the therapeutic dose of EMTRIVA. In one clinical pharmacology study single

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doses of emtricitabine 1200 mg were administered to 11 patients. No severe adverse reactions were reported. The effects of higher doses are not known. If overdose occurs the patient should be monitored for signs of toxicity, and standard supportive treatment applied as necessary. Haemodialysis treatment removes approximately 30% of the emtricitabine dose over a 3-hour dialysis period starting within 1.5 hours of emtricitabine dosing (blood flow rate of 400 ml/min and a dialysate flow rate of 600 ml/min). It is not known whether emtricitabine can be removed by peritoneal dialysis.

PRESENTATION

EMTRIVA is available as 200 mg hard capsules. Hard capsules are packaged in white high density polyethylene (HDPE) bottles containing 30 capsules.

PHARMACEUTICAL PRECAUTIONS

Store below 30degC.

MEDICINES CLASSIFICATION:

PRESCRIPTION MEDICINE

NAME AND ADDRESS OF SPONSOR

Gilead Sciences (NZ) Level 35, 23-29 Albert Street Auckland New Zealand

Date of Preparation

24 October 2012 VIREAD, EMTRIVA, TRUVADA, EVIPLERA and HEPSERA are registered trademarks of Gilead Sciences, Inc. ATRIPLA is a trademark of Bristol-Myers Squibb & Gilead Sciences, LLC. Other brands listed are trademarks of their respective owners and are not trademarks of Gilead Sciences, Inc, or Bristol-Myers Squibb & Gilead Sciences, LLC.

Emtriva Data Sheet V.7 (24 October 2012) Page 19 of 19